{"id":4892,"date":"2016-10-25T07:11:37","date_gmt":"2016-10-25T07:11:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mediacritica.md\/?p=4892"},"modified":"2016-11-03T07:29:55","modified_gmt":"2016-11-03T07:29:55","slug":"dezinformarea-si-manipulare-la-posturile-de-televiziune-rusesti-dinin-spatiul-media-autohton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/old.mediacritica.md\/ro\/dezinformarea-si-manipulare-la-posturile-de-televiziune-rusesti-dinin-spatiul-media-autohton\/","title":{"rendered":"Dezinformarea \u0219i manipulare la posturile de televiziune ruse\u0219ti din\/\u00een spa\u021biul media autohton"},"content":{"rendered":"

Libera circula\u021bie a informa\u021biei face ca, prin intermediul mass-media, s\u0103 avem acces la informa\u021bie \u0219i s\u0103 ne form\u0103m \u00een timp real percep\u021bia vizavi de evenimentele ce au loc zilnic \u00een lume. Din p\u0103cate, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 indiscutabila component\u0103 pozitiv\u0103, acest fapt reprezint\u0103 \u0219i un context propice de creare a realit\u0103\u021bilor alternative de c\u0103tre cei interesa\u021bi \u00een dezinformarea \u0219i manipularea opiniei publice.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen lucrarea sa \u201eTratat de dezinformare\u201d, Vladimir Volkoff identific\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul cu \u201eun \u201esat electronic\u201d, \u00een spa\u021biul c\u0103ruia informa\u021bia \u00een diversele ei forme – real\u0103, trunchiat\u0103, par\u021bial\u0103 sau falsificat\u0103 – circul\u0103 cu mare vitez\u0103\u201d<\/em>. Noi ne vom opri la unul dintre instrumentele r\u0103zboiului informa\u021bional care, \u00een acela\u0219i \u201eTratat de dezinformare\u201d, este calificat\u0103 de Volkoff drept un \u201eparadis al dezinform\u0103rii\u201d.<\/p>\n

Securitatea spa\u021biului informa\u021bional autohton, motiv de studiu \u0219i de \u00eengrijorare <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Despre manipularea de la posturile de televiziune ruse\u0219ti s-a vorbit \u0219i se vorbe\u0219te mult, subiectul amplific\u00e2ndu-se odat\u0103 cu declan\u0219area conflictului armat din Estul Ucrainei. Felul \u00een care institu\u021biile media din Federa\u021bia Rus\u0103 au tratat evenimentele demarate \u00een 2014 a alertat opinia public\u0103 – \u0219i pe bun\u0103 dreptate, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere prezen\u021ba posturilor de televiziune ruse\u0219ti \u00een spa\u021biul mediatic al Republicii Moldova.<\/p>\n

\u00cen acest context, Consiliul Coordonator al Audiovizualului (CCA) a realizat trei monitoriz\u0103ri tematice ale posturilor de televiziune ce retransmit servicii media audiovizuale din Federa\u021bia Rus\u0103 (dou\u0103 monitoriz\u0103ri au fost efectuate \u00een 2014[1]<\/a> [2]<\/a> \u0219i una \u00een 2015[3]<\/a>). Este vorba de Prime<\/strong> TV<\/strong> (\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b), TV 7<\/strong> (\u041d\u0422\u0412, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 31 ianuarie 2015), REN TV Moldova<\/strong> (\u0420\u0415\u041d \u0422\u0412), RTR Moldova<\/strong> (\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0422\u0420) \u0219i Rossia 24<\/strong>. Monitoriz\u0103rile au vizat respectarea principiului echilibrului social-politic \u00een cadrul emisiunilor informative \u201e\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u201d, \u201e\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u201d, \u201e\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u201d, \u201e\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 24\u201d \u0219i \u201e\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 (Rossia 24)\u201d, dar \u0219i a altor emisiuni informativ-analitice. S-a dorit o imagine clar\u0103 a felului \u00een care canalele ruse\u0219ti reflect\u0103 conflictul din Ucraina, precum \u0219i faptul dac\u0103 este pus\u0103 \u00een pericol securitatea spa\u021biului informa\u021bional al Republicii Moldova. \u0218i chiar dac\u0103, a\u0219a cum am men\u021bionat mai sus, monitoriz\u0103rile cu pricina dateaz\u0103 din anii 2014 \u0219i 2015, tendin\u021bele generale sunt actuale \u0219i ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\n

Tendin\u021be clare de manipulare<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u0219adar, cele trei monitoriz\u0103ri efectuate de CCA au atestat tendin\u021be clare de manipulare informa\u021bional\u0103 \u00een serviciile de programe ale posturilor TV ruse\u0219ti. \u00cen relatarea subiectelor s-a recurs la dezinformarea \u0219i manipularea opiniei publice, inclusiv a celei din Republica Moldova, cu ajutorul unor tehnici de manipulare, precum: titluri, promovarea \u0219i intensificarea zvonurilor neconfirmate, utilizarea etichet\u0103rilor pentru a discredita \u0219i a prezenta \u00eentr-o conota\u021bie negativ\u0103 una din p\u0103r\u021bile conflictului (\u00een cazul nostru – partea ucrainean\u0103), manipularea prin text \u0219i imagini, comentarii, limbaj agresiv p\u00e2n\u0103 la insulte \u0219i altele. <\/em>Comun pentru toate subiectele monitorizate s-a dovedit a fi partizanatul, sus\u021binerea for\u021belor separatiste \u0219i promovarea unei imagini negative a autorit\u0103\u021bilor ucrainene \u00een raport cu cea pozitiv\u0103 pentru Federa\u021bia Rus\u0103. Pe larg au fost acreditate ideile precum c\u0103: armata ucrainean\u0103 atac\u0103 propriul popor; atacatorii omoar\u0103, agreseaz\u0103 locuitorii pa\u0219nici, v\u00e2neaz\u0103 activi\u0219tii, iar autorit\u0103\u021bile nu doresc solu\u021bionarea pa\u0219nic\u0103 a diferendului; SUA \u0219i \u021b\u0103rile occidentale sus\u021bin militar Ucraina; anexarea Crimeii este un \u201eact de dreptate\u201d; Rusia \u00ee\u0219i dore\u0219te aplanarea conflictului, <\/em>iar unele subiecte chiar au vizat direct Republica Moldova: Transnistria este un teritoriu rusesc \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 fie \u00een componen\u021ba Rusiei; Republica Moldova tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u201epropriul Maidan\u201d <\/em>etc.<\/p>\n

Codul audiovizualului, la articolul 7 alineat (4), stipuleaz\u0103: \u201ePentru a asigura \u00een cadrul emisiunilor informative ale radiodifuzorilor respectarea principiilor echilibrului social-politic, echidistan\u021bei \u0219i obiectivit\u0103\u021bii, ace\u0219tia vor plasa fiecare \u0219tire astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t: a) informa\u021bia care compune \u0219tirea s\u0103 fie veridic\u0103; b) s\u0103 nu fie deformat sensul realit\u0103\u021bii prin tertipuri de montaj, comentarii, mod de formulare sau titluri; c) \u00een cazul subiectelor ce vizeaz\u0103 situa\u021bii de conflict, s\u0103 se respecte principiul de informare din mai multe surse\u201d. <\/em>Cu toate acestea, dac\u0103 e s\u0103 lu\u0103m\u00a0 ca exemplu buletinul de \u0219tiri din 20 aprilie 2014 de la \u201e\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u201d, din cele trei subiecte pe care ni le ofer\u0103 – \u201e\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u201d, \u201e\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u201d, \u201e\u042d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e-\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u201d, toate conflictuale – niciunul nu respect\u0103 principiul de informare din mai multe surse, abund\u00e2nd \u00een secven\u021be montate \u0219i comentarii ale jurnali\u0219tilor.<\/p>\n

Subiecte tratate unilateral, etichet\u0103ri denigratoare \u0219i agresive<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Deontologia jurnalistic\u0103 oblig\u0103 meseria\u0219ii s\u0103 asigure acurate\u021bea informa\u021biilor, s\u0103 le verifice din dou\u0103 surse independente s\u0103 le dea publicit\u0103\u021bii doar dup\u0103 ce se conving de veridicitatea acestora. Or, \u00een cazul unor \u0219tiri difuzate de posturile de televiziune ruse\u0219ti, lucrurile stau altfel. Un exemplu elocvent este subiectul \u201e\u0411\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0430\u201d din data de 18 iulie 2014, de la \u201e\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u201d. Subiectul este tratat unilateral, fiind difuzat doar mesajul \u201edisperat\u201d al femeii, care vorbe\u0219te \u00een detalii ce afecteaz\u0103 emo\u021bional telespectatorul \u0219i aduce \u00eenvinuiri grave autorit\u0103\u021bilor ucrainene.<\/p>\n

Alte programe (de ex., cele de la \u201eRossia 24\u201d) abund\u0103 \u00een etichet\u0103ri denigratoare \u0219i agresive la adresa autorit\u0103\u021bilor ucrainene – \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0425\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u0424\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b<\/em> – astfel atribuindu-li-se o pronun\u021bat\u0103 conota\u021bie negativ\u0103. De alt\u0103 parte, for\u021bele separatiste sunt prezentate drept \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u0421\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u041c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435,<\/em> \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0430\u043d. <\/em>La 8 martie 2015, \u00een cadrul edi\u021biei de \u0219tiri \u201e\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u201d, acela\u0219i post TV difuzeaz\u0103 un subiect cu titlul \u201e\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0439\u201d, \u00een care Republica Moldova \u0219i Ucraina sunt prezentate drept \u201estate ostile \u0219i r\u0103zboinice\u201d \u00een raport cu regiunea transnistrean\u0103 \u0219i, totodat\u0103, se propag\u0103 ideea potrivit c\u0103reia \u201eChi\u0219in\u0103ul \u021bine cursul \u201esinuciga\u0219\u201d spre Europa\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sunt doar c\u00e2teva dovezi ale faptului c\u0103 materialele jurnalistice denigratoare, puse constant pe post de televiziunile ruse\u0219ti, au manipulat \u00eencontinuu opinia public\u0103 din Republica Moldova \u0219i nu doar. Procedeele folosite nu pot fi \u00eencadrate \u00een norma audiovizual\u0103 na\u021bional\u0103 sau interna\u021bional\u0103, dar, mai ales, acestea contravin categoric deontologiei jurnalistice. Urmare a monitoriz\u0103rilor, a fost sistat\u0103, pentru o perioad\u0103 nedeterminat\u0103, retransmisia pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova a postului \u201eRossia 24\u201d. La r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu 1 mai 2015, postul de televiziune TV 7 a renun\u021bat, \u00a0prin auto-reglementare jurnalistic\u0103, la retransmisia buletinelor de \u0219tiri \u0219i a emisiunilor informativ-analitice din Federa\u021bia Rus\u0103, acoperind acest spa\u021biu de emisie cu produs autohton. Celelalte posturi de televiziune s-au ales cu sanc\u021biuni, dar, din p\u0103cate, nu au \u00eentreprins nimic \u00een vederea lichid\u0103rii \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103rilor atestate.<\/p>\n

Drept urmare, \u0219i ast\u0103zi, problema dezinform\u0103rii \u0219i a manipul\u0103rii de c\u0103tre televiziunile ruse\u0219ti r\u0103m\u00e2ne foarte actual\u0103, iar solu\u021biile rezonabile \u00eenc\u0103 urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 fie identificate.<\/p>\n

Olga Gu\u021bu\u021bui, membr\u0103 CCA<\/strong><\/p>\n

____________________<\/strong><\/p>\n

Articolul a fost realizat de Centrul pentru Jurnalism Independent \u00een cadrul Campaniei media \u00eempotriva informa\u021biei false \u0219i tenden\u021bioase<\/strong> <\/em>STOP FALS<\/em><\/a>!, desf\u0103\u0219urat\u0103 de Asocia\u021bia Presei Independente (API), Centrul pentru Jurnalism Independent (CJI) \u0219i Asocia\u021bia VIP a Telejurnali\u0219tilor Independen\u021bi din Moldova (ATVJI).<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> http:\/\/cca.md\/files\/PLURALISM%20TV%20%20Raport%202014%2018-24.04.2014_0.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/cca.md\/files\/Raport.%20PLURALISM%20TV%202014%2014-20.07.2014_0.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> http:\/\/cca.md\/files\/PLURALISM%20TV%2009-15.03.2015.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Libera circula\u021bie a informa\u021biei face ca, prin intermediul mass-media, s\u0103 avem acces la informa\u021bie \u0219i s\u0103 ne form\u0103m \u00een timp real percep\u021bia vizavi de evenimentele ce au loc zilnic \u00een lume. Din p\u0103cate, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 indiscutabila component\u0103 pozitiv\u0103, acest fapt reprezint\u0103 \u0219i un context propice de creare a realit\u0103\u021bilor alternative de c\u0103tre cei interesa\u021bi \u00een<\/p>\n

Mai mult<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4893,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\n