{"id":4038,"date":"2016-07-04T06:27:52","date_gmt":"2016-07-04T06:27:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mediacritica.md\/?p=4038"},"modified":"2017-11-22T08:09:50","modified_gmt":"2017-11-22T08:09:50","slug":"razboiul-informational-si-impactul-asupra-securitatii-nationale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/old.mediacritica.md\/ro\/razboiul-informational-si-impactul-asupra-securitatii-nationale\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u0103zboiul informa\u021bional \u0219i impactul asupra securit\u0103\u021bii na\u021bionale"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em>\u201eDragon Pioneer 2016\u201d, ca model de campanie mediatic\u0103 ofensiv\u0103<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Securitatea este cel mai important \u201ebun public\u201d oferit de stat, dar este un bun care depinde mult \u0219i de percep\u021bia popula\u021biei. Unul dintre obiectivele-cheie ale r\u0103zboiului informa\u021bional este distorsionarea acestei percep\u021bii, prin propagand\u0103 \u0219i dezinformare. Un prim exemplu de succes \u00een acest sens sunt efectele produse de criza din Ucraina, care s-a soldat cu pierderi teritoriale, instabilitate politic\u0103, o economie ruinat\u0103 \u0219i o criz\u0103 umanitar\u0103 de propor\u021bii.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Exper\u021bii sus\u021bin c\u0103 r\u0103zboiul informa\u021bional este un fenomen pe termen lung care poate dura zeci de ani, erod\u00e2nd sistemul de securitate \u0219i de ap\u0103rare<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>. Pentru a\u00a0 ob\u021bine aceste rezultate, Ben Nimmo (scriitor \u0219i analist al propagandei ruse) a eviden\u021biat patru strategii<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> utilizate \u00een r\u0103zboiul informa\u021bional (the 4D approach):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>respingerea<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; negarea faptelor care contravin mesajelor promovate;<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>denaturarea<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; deformarea faptelor prin falsificare sau schimbarea contextului;<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>distragerea aten\u021biei<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; abaterea aten\u021biei publicului de la faptele inconvenabile;<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>descurajarea<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; utilizarea elementelor de intimidare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aceste strategii sunt folosite pentru campanii mediatice de ofensiv\u0103, dar \u0219i de defensiv\u0103. Exerci\u021biul militar \u201eDragon Pioneer 2016\u201d, desf\u0103\u0219urat \u00een \u021bara noastr\u0103 \u00een perioada 3-20 mai 2016, este un caz clasic de campanie informa\u021bional\u0103 ofensiv\u0103, prin utilizarea mai ales a strategiilor de denaturare \u0219i de descurajare.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00cen cadrul strategiei de descurajare au fost utilizate urm\u0103toarele tactici:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Interpretarea \u0219i generalizarea:<\/em><\/strong> paradigma explicativ\u0103 \u00een propaganda rus\u0103 este bazat\u0103 pe teoriile conspira\u021bioniste. Acestea au fost pe larg utilizate pentru interpretarea exerci\u021biului militar \u201eDragon Pioneer 2016\u201d &#8211; s-a invocat c\u0103 este un \u201e<em>plan secret<\/em>\u201d al SUA \u0219i al alia\u021bilor occidentali pentru a destabiliza \u0219i manipula Republica Moldova. Folosirea acestor teorii \u00eent\u0103re\u0219te mesajul agresivit\u0103\u021bii occidentale, \u00een special, cea a NATO.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Utilizarea etichetelor \u0219i demonizarea adversarului:<\/em><\/strong> \u00een mediatizarea exerci\u021biului \u201eDragon Pioneer 2016\u201d s-a recurs la un \u0219ir de etichete (\u201etancurile NATO\u201d, \u201eyankee\u201d, \u201ecavaleria american\u0103\u201d, \u201efor\u021bele de ocupa\u021bie\u201d), precum \u0219i la ac\u021biuni simbolice, precum legarea \u201epanglicii Sf\u00e2ntului Gheorghe\u201d \u0219i amplasarea coroanelor funerare la tehnica militar\u0103 expus\u0103 \u00een PMAN. Scopul acestor ac\u021biuni este de a specula pe emo\u021biile \u0219i percep\u021biile oamenilor pentru a \u00eent\u0103ri stereotipurile existente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>Pentru consolidarea \u0219i amplificarea efectului se utilizeaz\u0103 \u0219i strategia de denaturare, care de asemenea are tacticile sale: <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Inversarea faptelor \u0219i schimbarea motivului:<\/em><\/strong> \u00een mediatizarea \u201eDragoon Pioneer 2016\u201d a fost inversat faptul c\u0103 acesta este exerci\u021biu comun \u00eentre Moldova \u0219i NATO, nu \u00eentre Moldova \u0219i Statele Unite. Tot aici s-au f\u0103cut un \u0219ir de specula\u021bii pe marginea expunerii tehnicii militare americane \u00een PMAN. Aceast\u0103 inversare inten\u021bionat\u0103 a generat numeroase interpret\u0103ri, majoritatea gre\u0219ite, despre scopul \u0219i obiectivele exerci\u021biului \u00een cauz\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Comunicarea gre\u0219it\u0103 a faptelor \u0219i amestecul \u00eentre adev\u0103r \u0219i minciun\u0103: <\/em><\/strong>este una dintre tehnicile cel mai frecvent utilizate \u00een dezinformare. Drept exemplu poate servi exagerarea num\u0103rului de unit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i tehnic\u0103 militar\u0103, folosite \u00een \u201eDragon Pioneer 2016\u201d &#8211; 200 de militari \u0219i 100 de unit\u0103\u021bi de tehnic\u0103, potrivit Sputnik.md<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>, \u00een contrast cu cifrele oficiale &#8211; 198 de militari \u0219i 58 de unit\u0103\u021bi de tehnic\u0103 din dotarea armatei SUA<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>. Obiectivul urm\u0103rit este de a sem\u0103na confuzie \u0219i ne\u00eencredere \u00een r\u00e2ndul popula\u021biei.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Din analiza modului \u00een care a fost mediatizat exerci\u021biul militar \u201eDragon Pioneer 2016\u201d constat\u0103m c\u0103 un segment semnificativ al presei din Republica Moldova promoveaz\u0103 un set de mesaje, al c\u0103ror scop e s\u0103 semene confuzie \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eent\u0103reasc\u0103 stereotipurile. La o scar\u0103 mai mare, roadele propagandei \u0219i media care se angajeaz\u0103 pe f\u0103ga\u0219ul propagandistic contribuie la polarizarea continua a societ\u0103\u021bii. Sondajele de opinie public\u0103 ar\u0103t\u0103 constant c\u0103, de\u0219i neutralitatea nu ofer\u0103 nicio garan\u021bie de la amenin\u021b\u0103ri externe, 58% la sut\u0103 din responden\u021bi continu\u0103 s\u0103 vad\u0103 \u00een acest statut principala solu\u021bie de asigurare a securit\u0103\u021bii na\u021bionale. Alte op\u021biuni de securitate includ aderarea la Alian\u021ba Nord Atlantic\u0103, sus\u021binut\u0103 de 11% \u0219i aderarea la Organiza\u021bia Tratatului de Securitate Colectiv\u0103<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>, sus\u021binut\u0103 de 18%<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>. Aceste cifre sunt \u00eenregistrate \u00een contextul c\u00e2nd majoritatea popula\u021biei nu \u0219tie nimic despre aceast\u0103 organiza\u021bie, dec\u00e2t faptul c\u0103 este afiliat\u0103, \u00eentr-un anume mod, Federa\u021biei Ruse. Dincolo de percep\u021bii \u0219i atitudini, care pot fluctua \u00een func\u021bie de context, propaganda influen\u021beaz\u0103 \u0219i comportamentul cet\u0103\u021benilor. Spre exemplu, doar 57%<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> din moldoveni ar fi gata s\u0103-\u0219i apere \u021bara \u00eentr-un eventual conflict, spre deosebire de aproape 71% de estonieni<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/old.mediacritica.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/IPP.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4041\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-4041\" src=\"https:\/\/old.mediacritica.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/IPP.png\" alt=\"IPP\" width=\"511\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/old.mediacritica.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/IPP.png 511w, https:\/\/old.mediacritica.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/IPP-350x212.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 511px) 100vw, 511px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen concluzie, putem observa dezvoltarea \u0219i men\u021binerea \u00een for\u021b\u0103 a unui mediu informa\u021bional care, pe de o parte, denatureaz\u0103 adev\u0103rul \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2nde\u0219te confuzie, iar pe de alt\u0103 parte discrediteaz\u0103 aspira\u021biile europene \u0219i amplific\u0103 stereotipurile \u0219i prejudec\u0103\u021bile fa\u021b\u0103 de structurile euro-atlantice. \u00cen acest sens, mediatizarea Exerci\u021biului militar moldo-american \u201eDragon Pioneer 2016\u201d este un exemplu clasic de dezinformare \u00een mas\u0103. \u00centr-o perspectiv\u0103 mai \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103, scopul propagandei \u0219i al dezinform\u0103rii este de a manipula opinia public\u0103 pentru a ob\u021bine p\u00e2rghii de influen\u021bare a factorilor de decizie \u0219i de stabilire a unei agende publice \u00een domeniul securit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i ap\u0103r\u0103rii, convenabil\u0103 anumitor for\u021be externe, dar care deseori nu corespunde intereselor na\u021bionale ale \u021b\u0103rii. \u00cen consecin\u021b\u0103, Republica Moldova r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u0219i ast\u0103zi extrem de vulnerabil\u0103 la amenin\u021b\u0103ri existente \u0219i deocamdat\u0103 nu exist\u0103 nici un consens, la nivel social \u0219i politic, privind modul de abordare a acestor vulnerabilit\u0103\u021bi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><strong>Elena M\u00e2rzac, director executiv CID NATO, Danu Marin, expert pe securitate CID NATO<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">________________<\/p>\n<p><em>Articolul a fost realizat de Centrul pentru Jurnalism Independent \u00een cadrul <strong>Campaniei media \u00eempotriva informa\u021biei false \u0219i tenden\u021bioase<\/strong> \u2013 <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/api.md\/category\/stop-fals\"><em>STOP FALS<\/em><\/a><em>!, desf\u0103\u0219urat\u0103 de Asocia\u021bia Presei Independente (API), Centrul pentru Jurnalism Independent (CJI) \u0219i Asocia\u021bia VIP a Telejurnali\u0219tilor Independen\u021bi din Moldova (ATVJI).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (2016). \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 2016: \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0413\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/AnnaMakota\/2016-60861130\">http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/AnnaMakota\/2016-60861130<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Ben Nimmo, Anatomy of an Info-War: How Russia\u2019s Propaganda Machine Works, and How to Counter It. Central European Policy Institute. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cepolicy.org\/sites\/cepolicy.org\/files\/attachments\/ben_nimmo.pdf\">http:\/\/www.cepolicy.org\/sites\/cepolicy.org\/files\/attachments\/ben_nimmo.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Sputnik.md Tancurile americane au invadat centrul Chi\u0219in\u0103ului 08\/05\/2016 <a href=\"http:\/\/sptnkne.ws\/bpVg\">http:\/\/sptnkne.ws\/bpVg<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Comunicat de pres\u0103, Ministerul Ap\u0103r\u0103rii al Republicii Moldova. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.army.md\/?lng=2&amp;action=show&amp;cat=122&amp;obj=3807#.VzebDoR97IU\">http:\/\/www.army.md\/?lng=2&amp;action=show&amp;cat=122&amp;obj=3807#.VzebDoR97IU<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Organiza\u021bia Tratatului de Securitate Colectiv\u0103 (OTSC): este o organiza\u021bie regional\u0103 cu caracter politico-militar bazat pe principiul ap\u0103r\u0103rii colective (identic cu cel din NATO). Membrii OTSC includ Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, K\u00e2rg\u00e2zstan, Rusia, \u0219i Tadjikistan.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Barometrul Opiniei Publice, aprilie 2016. Institutul de Politici Publice. <a href=\"http:\/\/ipp.md\/public\/files\/Barometru\/BOP_04.2016_prima_parte_finale-r.pdf\">http:\/\/ipp.md\/public\/files\/Barometru\/BOP_04.2016_prima_parte_finale-r.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Moldovenii la purtare: patrio\u021bi de nota 7. Magenta Consulting, 30.09.2015. <a href=\"http:\/\/consulting.md\/rom\/statistici-si-publicatii\/moldovenii-la-purtare-patrioti-de-nota-7\">http:\/\/consulting.md\/rom\/statistici-si-publicatii\/moldovenii-la-purtare-patrioti-de-nota-7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Survey: In the event of war, 45% of Russians in Estonia ready to help defend country. <a href=\"http:\/\/news.err.ee\/v\/news\/da589040-1932-4052-b5cc-56779cabe08c\/survey-in-the-event-of-war-45-of-russians-in-estonia-ready-to-help-defend-country\">http:\/\/news.err.ee\/v\/news\/da589040-1932-4052-b5cc-56779cabe08c\/survey-in-the-event-of-war-45-of-russians-in-estonia-ready-to-help-defend-country<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201eDragon Pioneer 2016\u201d, ca model de campanie mediatic\u0103 ofensiv\u0103 Securitatea este cel mai important \u201ebun public\u201d oferit de stat, dar este un bun care depinde mult \u0219i de percep\u021bia popula\u021biei. Unul dintre obiectivele-cheie ale r\u0103zboiului informa\u021bional este distorsionarea acestei percep\u021bii, prin propagand\u0103 \u0219i dezinformare. Un prim exemplu de succes \u00een acest sens sunt efectele produse<\/p>\n<div class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/old.mediacritica.md\/ro\/razboiul-informational-si-impactul-asupra-securitatii-nationale\/\" title=\"Mai mult\">Mai mult<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4039,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[94,93],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v14.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/old.mediacritica.md\/ro\/razboiul-informational-si-impactul-asupra-securitatii-nationale\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"R\u0103zboiul informa\u021bional \u0219i impactul asupra securit\u0103\u021bii na\u021bionale - Mediacritica\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201eDragon Pioneer 2016\u201d, ca model de campanie mediatic\u0103 ofensiv\u0103 Securitatea este cel mai important \u201ebun public\u201d oferit de stat, dar este un bun care depinde mult \u0219i de percep\u021bia popula\u021biei. Unul dintre obiectivele-cheie ale r\u0103zboiului informa\u021bional este distorsionarea acestei percep\u021bii, prin propagand\u0103 \u0219i dezinformare. 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